Understanding Of Guidance And Counseling
UNDERSTANDING OF GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING
Definition Of Guidance And Counseling
Guidance, in this
sense, is a pervasive activity in which many persons
and organizations take part. It is afforded to individuals by their parents,
relatives, and friends and by the community at large through various
educational, industrial, social, religious, and political agencies and,
particularly, through the press and broadcasting services. A part of such
guidance may be the giving of information that enables others to increase the
scope of their exploratory behaviour. The guidance counselor, for example, may provide information
about a person’s own abilities and interests as determined by psychological
tests or about educational opportunities and the requirements of various
occupations. The competent counselor does not attempt to solve people’s
problems for them, however; the counselor tries instead to clarify the person’s
own thinking.
Professional counselors and counseling psychologists are
commonly found in institutional settings such as high schools and colleges,
private industry, community agencies, prisons, and the military, as well as in
private practice. They are often called on to help individuals deal with the
grief of unexpected tragedies.
Background Guidance And Counseling
A.
The background of the need for guidance and counseling Background factors arise
and need guidance and counseling:
1.
Historical background
The
history of developing one's potential can be traced to ancient Greek society.
They emphasize the efforts to develop and strengthen individuals through
education, so that they can fill their roles in the community. They believe
that in individuals there are forces that can be stimulated and guided towards
objectives that are useful, beneficial or beneficial to both themselves and
society. The famous counselor in ancient Greece was Plato, for he had paid so
much attention to individual psychological understanding, such as concerning
aspects of moral issues, education, relationships in society, and theology. He
also paid attention to the problems:
a)
. How to build a good human person through formal care or
education.
b)
. How to make children think more effectively.
c)
. What technique has succeeded in influencing people in their
ability to make decisions and develop their beliefs.
Other
counselors include Aristotle (Plato's disciple), Hippocrates and other doctors
concerned with the field of psychology.
2.
Philosophical background
The
philosophical or philosophical word in Arabic is derived from the Greek word
meaning philosophy (philosophia). Philosophy means love of wisdom or wisdom or
wants to understand things profoundly. John J. Pietrofesa et.al expressed James
Cribin's view of philosophical principles in guidance:
a)
Guidance should be based on recognition of the individual's
honor and dignity and for his / her rights to get help.
b)
Guidance is a continuous process of education meaning
guidance is an intergal part of education.
c)
Guidance must respect the rights of any client who asks for
help or service.
d)
Guidance is not the prerogative of a special group of mental
health professionals. The guidance is carried out through cooperation, and each
works on the basis of his or her own competence or competence.
e)
The focus of guidance is to help the individual realize his
or her potential.
f)
Guidance is an element of education that is individualism,
personalization and socialization.
Philosophical thinking and understanding become useful
tools for counseling and counseling in general, and for counselors in
particular to assist counselors in understanding counseling situations and in
making informed decisions.
3. Socio-cultural background
Socio-cultural factors that give rise to the need for
guidance:
a)
Change of family constellation
Related to dysfunctional family problems, Stephen R.
Covey argues about 30 years ago there was a very strong and dramatic family
situation change like the following events:
1)Unauthorized child
birth rate increased to 400%.
2)The percentage of
single parent has doubled.
3)The number of
divorces that have occurred has doubled, the marriage ended in divorce.
4)Suicidal events among
adolescents increased by about 300%.
5)The scholastic talent
scores of students dropped about 73 points
6)The number one
problem of American women today is violence (rape).
7)A quarter of
teenagers who have sex have been exposed to venereal disease before graduating
high school.
b ). Educational development
The widespread direction appears in the division of
schools in various specialist and vocational schools. This raises the need for
guidance to choose a specific department and choose the right field of study
for each student. The inward direction is evident in the development of scope
and diversity coupled with the growth of complexity in each field of study.
This creates problems for students to study each field diligently. The
development in this direction is also related to the ability and attitudes and interests
of students to a particular field of study. This all results in the fact that
every student needs individual and special attention. In this case also felt
the need for guidance in school.
c). Working world
In the world of
work guidance and counseling is needed because there are various changes
including the following:
a.
Increased need for unskilled workers.
b.
Increased need for professional workers with technical
skills.
c.
The development of various types of work as a result of the
application of advanced technology.
d.
The development of industry in various regions.
e.
New types of work require new ways of ministry.
f.
Increasing number of young workers in the workplace.
d). The metropolitan development
The adverse social impacts of urban growth in the 21st
century, especially in developing cities are as follows:
a.
Urbanization is done with the motivation to pit fate.
b.
Unemployment problem.
c.
Number of workers who do not meet the needs of employment in
the city.
d.
Number of illegal settlements established.
e.
Limited water facilities compared to the large number of
population needs.
f.
The worsening of the environment leads to increased child
mortality.
e). The development of communication
f ). Sexism and racism
Sexism is the idea of favoring one sex of the other sex. While racism is the idea that
favor one race of the other race.
g ). Mental health
h ). Technological development
Two important issues arise that lead to the complexity of the structure and state of society:
a. Replacement of most of the workforce with electronic-mechanical tools.
b. Increasing types of jobs and new positions that require special skills and education.
i ). Moral and religious conditions
j ). Socioeconomic conditions.
4. Religious background
The religious basis of guidance and counseling basically wants to
establish the client as God's creature with all its glory to be the
central focus of counseling and guidance. This discussion of religious
foundations, related to the effort to integrate religious values in the process
of guidance and counseling. Guidance and counseling approach that integrated in
the dimension of religion, was very liked by the American society today.
The necessity of integrating religious values in counseling,
Marsha Wiggin Frame suggests that religion deserves a place in counseling
or psychotherapy practices, based on the following reasons:
a)
The majority of Americans believe in God and they are active
in many worship services.
b)
There is overlap in values and goals between counseling and
religion, as it concerns helping individuals manage their life's difficulties.
c)
Much empirical evidence suggests that religious beliefs have
contributed positively to mental health.
d)
Religion is duly integrated into counseling in an attempt to
change the mindset that developed at the end of the 20th chapter.
e)
A serious need to consider the context and background of the
client's culture, implies that the counselor should pay close attention to the
role of religion in culture.
5.
Psychological background
Learners
as individuals who are dynamic and are in the process of development, have the
needs and dynamics in the interaction with the environment. In addition,
learners always experience a variety of changes in attitude and behavior. The
process of development does not always take place in a linear manner (in
accordance with expected direction or upheld norms), but is fluctuating and
even stagnant or developmental discontinuity.
Function Guidance And Counseling
A. Function Guidance and Counseling are:
1.Understanding functions,
namely the function of guidance and counseling helps the counselee to have
an understanding of himself (potential) and the environment
(education, work, and religious norms). Based on this understanding,
the counselee is expected to develop his potential optimally,
and adapt himself to the environment dynamically and constructively.
2.Preventive function,
which is the function associated with the counselor's effort to always anticipate
various problems that may occur and try to prevent it, so as not experienced
by the counselee. Through this function, the counselor provides guidance to
the counselee about how to avoid self-destructive actions or activities.
The techniques that can be used are service orientation, information, and group guidance.
Some problems that need to be informed to the counselee in order
to prevent the occurrence of unexpected behavior, including: the danger of alcoholism,
smoking, drug abuse, drop out, and promiscuity (free sex)
3.Development Function,
namely the function of guidance and counseling that is more proactive than other functions.
The counselor strives to create a conducive learning environment that facilitates
the development of the counselee. Counselors and other School / Madrasah
personnel in synergy as teamwork collaborate or work together to plan and implement
a systematic and continuous guidance program in an effort to help the counselee achieve
their development tasks. Guidance techniques that can be used here are information services,
tutorials, group discussions or brainstorming (brain storming), home room, and field trip.
4.Function of healing,
which is the function of guidance and counseling that is curative.
This function is closely related to efforts to provide assistance to counselees who
have experienced problems, whether involving aspects of personal, social, learning, and career.
The technique that can be use is counseling, and remedial theaching.
5.Distribution function,
which is the function of guidance and counseling in helping counselee choose extracurricular
activities, majors or study program, and strengthen career or occupation positions that match
with interests, talents, expertise and other personality traits. In carrying out this function,
counselors need to work with other educators inside and outside educational institutions.
6. The Adaptation Function,
which is the function of assisting education providers, school principals and staff,
counselors, and teachers to tailor educational programs to the educational background,
interests, abilities, and needs of the counselee. Using adequate information on counselors,
counselors / counselors can assist teachers in treating counselees appropriately,
both in selecting and preparing School / Madrasah materials, choosing
methods and learning processes, as well as compiling lessons according to the ability and speed
of the counselee.
7.Adjustment Functions,
namely the function of guidance and counseling in helping counselees to be able
to adjust themselves and the environment dynamically and constructively.
8.Function Improvement,
namely the function of guidance and counseling to help the counselee
so as to correct mistakes in thinking, feeling and acting (willing).
Counselors intervene (give treatment) to the counselee to have a healthy thinking patterns,
rational and have the right feeling that can lead them to the action or desire that productive and
normative.
9.Facilitation function,
providing convenience to the counselee in achieving optimal growth and development,
harmonious, harmonious and balanced all aspects of the counselee.
10. Maintenance Function,
namely the function of guidance and counseling to assist the counselee in order
to maintain themselves and maintain a conducive situation that has been created in him.
This function facilitates the counselee to avoid the conditions that will cause a decrease
in self-productivity. Implementation of this function is realized through programs that are interesting,
recreative and facultative (optional) in accordance with the interests of the counselee
Guiding Principles And Counseling
Guiding Principles and Counseling are:
Some basic principles are seen as the foundation for the service of guidance.
These principles are derived from philosophical concepts of humanity that form
the basis for the provision of assistance or guidance services, both in School / Madrasah
and outside School / Madrasah. The principles are:
1.Guidance and counseling is for all counselees.
This principle means that guidance is given to all counselees or counselees,
both non-problematic and problematic; both men and women; both children, adolescents,
and adults. In this case the approach used in guidance is more preventive and development
than curative (curative); and preferably group technique rather than individual (individual).
2. Guidance and counseling as an individuation process.
Each counselee is unique (different from each other), and through counselee assisted
to maximize the development of its uniqueness. This principle also means that the focus
of aid targets is the counselee, even if the counseling service uses group techniques.
3. The guidance stresses the positive.
In reality there are still counselees who have a negative perception of guidance,
because guidance is seen as a way of suppressing aspirations. In contrast to that view,
counseling is actually a relief process that emphasizes strength and success,
because coaching is a way of building a positive outlook on self, giving encouragement,
and opportunities for growth.
4.Guidance and counseling is a joint venture.
Guidance is not only the task or responsibility of the counselor, but also the duties of teachers
and principals of the School / Madrasah in accordance with their respective duties and roles.
They work as teamwork.
5. Decision Making Is Essential in Counseling and Counseling.
Guidance is directed to assist the counselee in order to make choices and make decisions.
Guidance has a role to provide information and advice to the counselee,
which is all very important for him in making decisions. Counselee's life is guided by his purpose,
and counseling facilitates the counselee to consider, adjust,
and refine goals through appropriate decision-making. The ability to make the right
choice is not the innate ability, but the ability to be developed. The main purpose of guidance
is to develop the ability of the counselee to solve the problem and make decisions.
6. Guidance and counseling takes place in the various settings (scene) of life.
The provision of guidance services does not only take place in Schools / Madrasahs,
but also in families, companies / industries, government / private institutions, and society at large.
The field of guidance services is also multi-aspect, which includes personal aspects, social,
education, and employment.
Bibliography
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